Background: Social capital is a new concept that has recently entered the social, economic, and health domains. The role of social capital is more important than that of physical and human capitals because in its absence, other capitals will not be efficient. Social capital includes networks of communication between individuals and social norms such as mutual trust and cooperation in social networks. The present study aimed to determine the variables associated with social capital components among the residents of Tehran using Structural Equation modeling.Methods: The target population of this cross-sectional study included all the individuals aging 15 years old and above in Tehran. Overall, 22500 households in 22 regions were investigated. The samples were selected through stratified random sampling. Finally, the data were analyzed using Structural Equation modeling and the Lisrel software.Results: According to the results, the main components of social capital include 1- individual trust, including jobs status and marital status, 2- physical dimension (life quality), age, and solidarity and social support, including educational status, marital status, and job status, and 3- social trust and associative relations, including family size, physical component, age, and home ownership.Conclusions: Improving the level of education, creating more job opportunities, and facilitating marriage especially amongst the youth can elevate the social capital in Tehran. Controlling the family size can also be effective in improving the social capital.

Introduction: Nursing is one of the most stressful professions worldwide. Job stressors can have a substantial impact on the mental health of nurses. This study aimed to assess how much workplace stressors can predict each component of this population's mmental health Methods: 419 nurses from eight tertiary hospitals in Tehran were enrolled for this observational survey, and data was collected from a three-part questionnaire including the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21, Extended Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS), and demographic questions. Multivariate regression and factor analysis were performed to build a Structural Equation modeling between variables Results: The Correlation between Stress, anxiety, depression, and work stressor were significant (p-value=0. 01). Based on the (SEM) model, for each component of DASS (Stress, anxiety, depression), seven items in the questionnaire were significant and internally consistent(p-value: 0. 05). In the ENSS questionnaire, all nine subscales significantly predicted the total nursing stress score. Conclusions: Females, single, and nurses with more than six years of experience scored higher on the work stress scale. The workload is the most significant stressor in depression and, as a result, poor mental health.

The purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical model of the norms of rural housing formation in cold and mountainous climatic area of Ardabil province. The housing issue is one of the most important issues that human beings have always had to deal with and have long been trying to address and find a decent answer. The study of the renovation and improvement of rural housing in Iran shows that Iran has 5, 172, 000 rural housing units that require about 63 percent of the rural housing, 3 million and 295, 000 units, to be urgently rebuilt. About two percent of them, equivalent to 81, 000 units, were rebuilt between 1997 and 2005. Since 2013, the number of rural housing reconstruction has fallen sharply to 200, 000 units per year that covers only four percent of all rural housing. Recognizing that new rural buildings and structures are generally supported by government agencies and at the head of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution or, as practiced by the inhabitants, it has the form and form of urban housing that runs without regard to native architectural values; Values that have become over time and overwhelming test-errors to unwritten rules of construction in the village. Therefore, the strengths of the present study are the consideration of the values governing indigenous housing formed in the context of rural areas that have been discovered and applied by residents for many years. Values that the author call norm. In the present study was used the correlation method of Structural Equation Modeling ((SEM)) based on field studies and exploratory survey research. After explaining the cold and mountainous area of Ardabil province, the settlements of this area with altitude of 1500 to 2150 meters above sea level were identified from 176 villages, 85 villages with a population of more than 200 were randomly selected based on the statistics of the year 1395 at Statistical Center of Iran. Sample size According to Based on Klein's theory, a sample of 250 residents of the above-mentioned villages was selected by purposeful sampling to answer 50 questionnaire questions related to residents' views on housing development. (So, every village is a cluster and the inhabitants are members of those clusters). The reliability of the tool (questionnaire) using Cronbach's alpha was α = 0. 905. After analyzing the path and regression, the direct and indirect effects of the variables on the norms of rural housing formation were investigated. The findings showed that the sum of regression coefficients was explained as 0. 412 and the components such as: Similarity/Homogeneity in housing setting, Geographical/Climatic, Economic/Livelihood, Scale and Cultural/Traditional are factors that affecting the formation of rural housing in cold and mountainous climates of Ardabil province. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model predictive variables predicted 41% of the criterion changes and 59% were affected by the external variables. The results of this study illustrate three general principles. First, the scale/proportion component has a more important role in shaping rural housing than all components. Secondly, rural housing shaping is a cultural phenomenon. And thirdly, the form of rural housing is a function of the altitude of the high seas.

The purpose of this study was Structural Equation modeling ((SEM)) of anomalies incidence of soccer fans in Iranian stadiums. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, a descriptive correlation type was used (qualitative-quantitative). In the beginning, studying the literature and conducting a qualitative interview with 17 specialists, the basic concepts of the occurrence of abnormalities in the stadiums of the country were formed; further analyzing the contents of the interviews and literature of the field, 47 items were discovered, distributed among 30 fans at Azadi Stadium, the reliability coefficient of the initial questionnaire was 0. 783. Regarding the number of samples over 200, for Structural modeling, including 20 percent reduction, 250 questionnaires in Ghadir Ahwaz, Azadi, Rasht, Azadi Tehran, Takhty Jam and Emam Tabriz as inflammatory stadiums in the sixth week of the Premier League, which ultimately won 221 The questionnaire was used; after examining the KMM and the orthogonal rotation of the data for the exploratory factor analysis, prepared from among the 45 items in the 36 items with a factor load above 0. 3 and analyzed for the confirmatory factor analysis; Finally, the data were used using the Structural modeling method (LISREL). According to the coefficients of influence, the ultras (0. 67), the conditions of the stadiums (0. 60), cultural conditions (0. 44), The security conditions (0. 37) were management status (0. 20). Finally, with regard to the presence of the leaders in the form of a fan base, as the main point of stimulation and stimulation of fans as the most coefficient component, the training needed to manage the platforms in this group, along with the use of qualified people in this position, is more than necessary.

The application of Statistical Modelling techniques so called as Stractural Equation Modelling ((SEM)) to an industrial case, is the main objective of this paper. (SEM) is a powerful modeling technique that can combine complex path models with latent variables (factors). The basic elements involved in (SEM), like factor analysis specially confirmatory kind of it, are illustrated. In a Modelling process the conceptual framework of The Impact of CAD/CAM/CAE Virtual Integration on Organization(s) Survival is modeled using (SEM). The developed model is tested on using the data from automative manufacturing organizations of IRAN. Symbolic presentation of the theoretical model and testing is done using one of the powerful software of (SEM) called LISREL.

In today's competitive business environment, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, survival hinges on the ability to innovate. Business Model Innovation (BMI) plays a pivotal role in driving competitiveness and enhancing performance. However, many organizations face organizational inertia, which can impede their ability to adapt to environmental changes, limiting their capacity to evolve. Organizational competencies and capabilities may play a crucial role in how businesses respond to these challenges. This study investigates the relationship between organizational inertia and BMI, focusing on the moderating effects of open innovation competencies and Information Technology (IT) ambidexterity. The research targets software companies in Tehran Province, Iran, within the ICT industry. The findings reveal that organizational inertia has a significant negative effect on BMI, highlighting the need to address inertia to foster business model innovation. Additionally, open innovation competencies serve as a key moderator in this relationship, suggesting the importance of developing these skills within organizations. Conversely, the moderating effect of IT ambidexterity was found to be insignificant.

Structural Equation modeling ((SEM)) and related techniques such as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis are referred to a family of powerful statistical processes that are used to test of the complex relationships among human related variables. This set if techniques are used to test the hypothesized relationships among variables through empirical models and to construction and psychometric evaluation of the measurement instruments. The researchers follow variety of steps to conduct these types of the studies. Therefore it is important for researchers to concisely report their own study as a scientific paper. The report is supposed to encompasses all important information so that the study could be evaluated and replicated as well. Therefore variety of guidelines has already designed to guide reporting the various parts of this kind of studies. Nevertheless there is no single agreed guideline yet; so various journals and people may follow different structures that may lead the readers to be confused. Therefore the present paper aimed to briefly introduce some critical notes about the report of the results of (SEM) and related studies compatible with common scientific writing structures consisted of background and objectives, methods, results and discussion.